Why cheap OBD scans miss most of it.
A basic OBD-II scanner reads generic engine-ECU fault codes and shows you a string of letters and numbers. That's about 10% of the useful diagnostic surface on a modern European car. The other 90% lives in dealer-level tools: manufacturer-specific fault codes, live-data streams from every module, coding data, adaptation values, and firmware history.
ISTA (BMW), ODIS (VW/Audi), Xentry (Mercedes) and PIWIS (Porsche) are the actual diagnostic platforms. They talk to every module on the car — engine, transmission, ABS, airbag, HVAC, infotainment, comfort, gateway — and read data the generic OBD spec doesn't expose. A proper diagnostic is expensive because the tools are expensive and the training is real.

